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Ralph V. Clayman

Washington University, St Louis; led the first laparoscopic nephrectomy

Dates: No dates given in the film's sources
Chapters: X. Without the Knife

What the film says

In 1990 removed the whole kidney of an 85-year-old woman through small punctures, the first laparoscopic nephrectomy.

Watch 1:01:15 in the film X. Without the Knife

On the timeline

1990: Ralph Clayman's team performs the first laparoscopic nephrectomy, in St Louis. timeline
1991: The first laparoscopic nephrectomy is published in the Journal of Urology and the NEJM. timeline

Sources

Sources

R. V. Clayman et al., Journal of Urology 1991; 146:278-282, and New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 324:1370-1371 (Europe PMC abstract, PMID 1830346) Primary
Wikipedia: Ralph Clayman Secondary